10-02-1997	112	50	2048	Data file: Copyright  1997, SMI Corporation, All Rights Reserved.
1	Hydrogen	H	1766	Henry Cavendish	England	HI-dreh-jen	Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas. The most abundant element in the universe. Tenth most abundant element in the earth's crust.	Commercial quantities are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis.	Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia. Also used in balloons and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier isotopes are: deuterium (D) and tritium (T) used respectively for nuclear fission and fusion.	Greek: hydro (water) and genes (generate)	0	0	6	6	1.00794	-255.34C	-252.87C	2.20	0.00008988	7	12	1	1	1s1	13.5984	--	--	0.79	0.32	1.54 (+1)	14.4	14.304	0.44936	0.05868	--	0.001815	0,0,0,0,0,0	4,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	1	--						70.8 (liquid, -253C)
2	Helium	He	1895	Sir William Ramsey, Nils Langet, P.T.Cleve	Scotland/Sweden	HEE-li-em	Light, odorless, colorless, tasteless inert gas. Second most abundant element in the universe. Sixth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere.	Found in natural gas deposits & in the air (5 parts per billion) Constantly lost to space; replenished by radioactive decay (alpha particles).	Used in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research.	Greek: hlios (sun).	0	17	0	6	4.002602	-272.2C @ 26 atmos.	-268.934C	0	0.0001787	7	20	0	2	1s2	24.5874	54.416	--	0.49	0.93	--	19.5	5.193	0.0845	--	--	0.00152	0,0,0,0,0,0	21,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	0	--						--
3	Lithium	Li	1817	Johann Arfwedson	Sweden	LITH-i-em	Soft silvery-white metal. Lightest of metals. Accounts for only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.	Obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)].	Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics.  Some is used in lubricants.	Greek: lithos (stone).	1	0	3	1	6.941	180.54C	1342C	0.98	0.53	2	0	1	2,1	[He] 2s1	5.3917	76.638	122.451	2.05	1.23	.76 (+1)	13.10	3.6	145.920	3.00	0.108	0.847	53.907,0,0,0,0,0	54.75,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	46	10	1	3.5101						0.534 (20C)
4	Beryllium	Be	1798	Fredrich Whler, A.A.Bussy	Germany/France	beh-RIL-i-em	Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal. Lightest rigid metal. Formerly called glucinium (Gl) for its sweet but deadly taste.	Found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride.	Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color.	Greek: beryllos, "beryl" (a mineral).	1	1	7	1	9.012182	1287C	2472C	1.57	1.848	7	3	2	2,2	[He] 2s2	9.3226	18.211	153.893	1.40	0.90	.45 (+2)	5.0	1.82	292.40	12.20	0.313	2.00	108.759,0,0,0,0,0	111,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	11.3	301	2	2.286		3.584				1.85 (20C)
5	Boron	B	1808	Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. Thnard	England/France	BO-ron	Hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. Exists in the earth's crust at an average proportion of about 10 parts per million.	Obtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by electrolysis of molten potassium fluroborate and potassium chloride (KCl).	Used with titanium & tungsten to make heat resistant alloys for jets & rockets.	From Arabic and Persian words for borax.	1	12	6	15	10.811	2079C	4000C	2.04	2.34	4	7	3	2,3	[He] 2s2 2p1	8.2980	25.154	37.93	1.17	0.82	.23 (+3)	4.6	1.02	489.70	50.20	1.0e-12	0.270	183.410,0,0,0,0,0	188,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	.001,0,0,0,0,0	4.7	441	3	8.80		5.05				2.34 (20C)
6	Carbon	C	Unknown	Known to the ancients	Unknown	KAR-ben	Allotropic forms include diamonds and graphite. Sixth most abundant element in the universe.	Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.	For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.	Latin: carbo, (charcoal).	1	13	6	6	12.011	3825C (Sublimes)	4827C	2.55	2.62	7	8	(4),2	2,4	[He] 2s2 2p2	11.2603	24.383	47.887	0.91	0.77	.16 (+4)	4.58	0.71	355.80	--	0.00061	1.29	277.372,0,0,0,0,0	283.84,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	.002,0,0,0,0,0	1.0	7	2,3,4	2.4619		6.7080				1.9 (amorphous)
7	Nitrogen	N	1772	Daniel Rutherford	Scotland	NYE-treh-gen	Colorless, odorless, tasteless, generally inert gas. Fifth most abundant element in the universe. Makes up about 78% of earth's atmosphere.	Obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation.	Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery.	Greek: nitron and genes, (soda forming).	1	14	6	6	14.00674	-209.86C	-195.8C	3.04	0.0012506	7	12	(3),5,4,2,1	2,5	[He] 2s2 2p3	14.5341	29.601	47.448	0.75	0.75	1.71 (-3)	17.3	1.04	2.7928	0.3604	--	0.0002598	392.359,0,0,0,0,0	400,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	.004,0,0,0,0,0	240	--	3,5	--						0.808 (liquid, -195.8C)
8	Oxygen	O	1774	Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele	England/Sweden	OK-si-jen	Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; pale blue liquid. Third most abundant element in the universe. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust, and makes up almost 21% of the atmosphere.	Obtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst.	Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation.	Greek: oxys and genes, (acid former).	1	15	6	6	15.9994	-218.4C	-182.962C	3.44	0.001429	0	12	-2	2,6	[He] 2s2 2p4	13.6181	35.117	54.934	0.65	0.73	1.40 (-2)	14.0	0.92	3.4099	0.22259	--	0.0002674	524.917,0,0,0,0,0	531.7,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	.006,0,0,0,0,0	780	--	2	--						1.14 (liquid, -182.96C)
9	Fluorine	F	1886	Henri Moissan	France	FLU-eh-reen	Greenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Extremely reactive. Does not occur uncombined in nature.	Found in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production.	Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2); also in Teflon.	Latin: fluere (flow).	1	16	4	6	18.9984032	-219.62C	-188.14C	3.98	0.001696	0	13	-1	2,7	[He] 2s2 2p5	17.4228	34.97	62.707	0.57	0.72	1.33 (-1)	12.6	0.82	3.2698	0.2552	--	0.000279	676.777,0,0,0,0,0	687,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	.009,0,0,0,0,0	1800	--	1	--						--
10	Neon	Ne	1898	Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers	England	NEE-on	Colorless, odorless, tasteless inert gas. Fourth most abundant element in the universe and fifth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere (18.18 ppm).	Obtained from production of liquid air as a byproduct of producing liquid oxygen and nitrogen.	Primarily for lighting.	Greek: neos (new).	1	17	0	6	20.1797	-248.67C	-246.048C	0	0.0008999	1	20	0	2,8	[He] 2s2 2p6	21.5645	40.962	63.45	0.51	0.71	--	17.3	0.904	1.7326	0.3317	--	0.000493	848.634,0,0,0,0,0	866.9,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	.013,0,0,0,0,0	1900	--	0	--						--
11	Sodium	Na	1807	Sir Humphrey Davy	England	SO-di-em	Soft silvery-white metal. Sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Burns in air with a brilliant white flame.	Obtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite.	There are few uses for the pure metal, however its compounds are used in medicine, agriculture and photography. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Liquid sodium is sometimes used to cool nuclear reactors.	Medieval Latin: sodanum, (headache remedy); symbol from Latin natrium, (sodium carbonate).	2	0	3	1	22.989768	97.81C	882.9C	0.93	0.971	2	0	1	2,8,1	[Ne] 3s1	5.1391	47.286	71.641	2.23	1.54	1.02 (+1)	23.7	1.23	96.960	2.598	0.210	1.41	1041.01,1067.24,0,0,0,0	1073,0,30.6,0,0,0,0,0,0	.019,0,0,0,0,0	71	5	1	4.2908						0.97 (20C)
12	Magnesium	Mg	1808	Sir Humphrey Davy	England	mag-NEE-zih-em	Lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the universe. Seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust.	Usually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) found in sea water. Each cubic mile of seawater contains about 12 billion pounds of magnesium.	Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses for light metals. Has structural properties similar to aluminium. But since it is flammable at temperatures of burning gasoline, its uses are limited.	From Magnesia ancient city in district of Thessaly, Greece.	2	1	7	1	24.3050	648.8C	1090C	1.31	1.738	7	3	2	2,8,2	[Ne] 3s2	7.6462	15.035	80.143	1.72	1.36	.72 (+2)	13.97	1.02	127.40	8.954	0.226	1.56	1253.64,1295.59,0,0,0,0	1305,62.84,49.73,49.45,0,0,0,0,0	.027,0,0,0,0,0	24.8	44.4	2	3.2095		5.2107				1.74 (20C)
13	Aluminum	Al	1825	Hans Christian Oersted	Denmark	ah-LOO-men-em	Soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Third most abundant element in the earth's crust.	Never occurs in free form. Obtained by electrolysis from bauxite (Al2O3).	Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or iron is added, which hardens and strengthens it.	Latin: alumen, aluminis, (alum).	2	12	1	1	26.981539	660.37C	2519C	1.50	2.702	1	0	3	2,8,3	[Ne] 3s2 3p1	5.9858	18.828	28.447	1.82	1.18	.54 (+3)	10.0	0.90	293.40	10.790	0.377	2.37	1486.61,1553.33,0,0,0,0	1560,87.01,72.78,0,0,0,0,0,0	.036,0,0,0,0,0	23.1	70.5	3	4.0497						2.699 (20C)
14	Silicon	Si	1824	Jns Berzelius	Sweden	SIL-i-ken	Amorphous form is brown power; crystalline form has gray metallic appearance. Seventh most abundant element in the universe. Second most plentiful element in the earths crust.	Makes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 C.	Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors.	Latin: silex, silicus, (flint).	2	13	6	15	28.0855	1410C	3265C	1.80	2.33	1	18	2,(4),-4	2,8,4	[Ne] 3s2 3p2	8.1517	16.345	33.492	1.46	1.11	.26 (+4)	12.1	0.71	384.220	50.550	2.52e-12	1.48	1739.84,1829.23,0,0,0,0	1839,0,100.6,0,0,0,0,0,0	.047,0,0,0,0,0	2.6	162	4	5.4309						2.33 (25C)
15	Phosphorus	P	1669	Hennig Brand	Germany	FOS-fer-es	Soft white waxy phosphorescent solid, brownish-red powder or black solid.	Found most often in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke, and silica to about 1450 C.	Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches, and incendiary weapons. Also some applications for it and some of its compounds which glow in the dark.	Greek: phosphoros, (bringer of light).	2	14	6	6	30.973762	44.1C	277C	2.19	1.82	5	15	3,(5),7	2,8,5	[Ne] 3s2 3p3	10.4867	19.725	30.18	1.23	1.06	.17 (+5)	17.0	0.77	12.129	0.657	1.0e-17	0.00235	2013.4,2136.28,0,0,0,0	2146,0,132,0,0,0,0,0,0	.06,0,0,0,0,0	127	5	3,5	3.3137	10.478	4.3765				1.82 (20C)
16	Sulfur	S	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	SUL-fer	Tasteless, odorless, pale yellow, brittle solid. Tenth most abundant element in the universe.	Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process.	Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).	Latin: sulphur (brimstone).	2	15	6	6	32.066	115.21C	444.6C	2.58	2.07	3	19	2,4,(6)	2,8,6	[Ne] 3s2 3p4	10.3600	23.33	34.83	1.09	1.02	.29 (+6)	15.5	0.71	--	1.7175	0.5e-23	0.00269	2307.52,2464.14,0,0,0,0	2472,0,0,165,0,0,0,0,0	.076,0,0,0,0,0	70	19	2,4,6	10.4650	12.8665	24.4869				2.07 (20C rhombic)
17	Chlorine	Cl	1774	Carl Wilhelm Scheele	Sweden	KLOR-een	Greenish-yellow, disagreeable gas. Never found in free form in nature.	Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (seawater or brine from salt mines).	Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).	Greek: chlros (greenish yellow).	2	16	4	6	35.4527	-100.98C	-34.6C	3.16	0.003214	3	13	(1),3,5,7	2,8,7	[Ne] 3s2 3p5	12.9676	23.81	39.611	0.97	0.99	1.81 (-1)	16.9	0.48	10.20	3.203	--	0.000089	2621.94,2815.67,0,0,0,0	1823,0,0,202,0,0,0,0,0	.094,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	1,3,5,7	--						--
18	Argon	Ar	1894	Sir William Ramsey, Baron Rayleigh	Scotland	AR-gon	Colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere and makes up about 1%.	Continuously released into the air by decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air.	Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluorescent lamps. Crystals in the semiconductor industry are grown in argon atmospheres.	Greek: argos (inactive).	2	17	0	6	39.948	-189.2C	-185.7C	0	0.0017824	1	20	0	2,8,8	[Ne] 3s2 3p6	15.7596	27.629	40.74	0.88	0.98	--	23.9	0.520	6.447	1.188	--	0.0001772	2957.12,3190.57,0,0,0,0	3203,0,0,245,0,0,0,0,0	.115,0,0,0,0,0	618	3	0	--						--
19	Potassium	K	1807	Sir Humphrey Davy	England	pe-TASS-i-em	Soft, waxy, silver-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust (20,900 ppm). Occurs only in compounds.	Found in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] & sylvite (potassium chloride, KCL). Pure metal is produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapors in a special retort.	Used as potash in making glass & soap. Also as saltpeter, potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives and to color fireworks in mauve. Formerly called kalium (K). Vital to function of nerve and muscle tissures.	English: pot ash; symbol from Latin: kalium, (alkali).	3	0	3	1	39.0983	63.25C	759.9C	0.82	0.862	2	0	1	2,8,8,1	[Ar] 4s1	4.3407	31.625	45.72	2.77	2.03	1.51 (+1)	45.46	0.75	79.870	2.334	0.139	1.024	3312.97,3589.72,0,0,0,0	3608,0,294.6,0,0,0,0,0,0	.138,0,0,0,0,0	82	2.4	1	5.247						0.862 (20C)
20	Calcium	Ca	1808	Sir Humphrey Davy	England	KAL-si-em	Fairly hard, silvery-white metal. Fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust (41,500 ppm). Occurs only in compounds.	Obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone & marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts.	Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries.	Latin: calx, calcis (lime).	3	1	7	1	40.078	839C	1484C	1.00	1.55	1	0	2	2,8,8,2	[Ar] 4s2	6.1132	11.871	50.908	2.23	1.74	1.00 (+2)	25.9	0.63	153.60	8.540	0.298	2.00	3690.61,4012.86,341.276,344.979,0,0	4039,0,352.9,349.31,0,0,0,0,0	.163,0,.001,0,0,0	22.3	21	2	5.5886						1.54 (20C)
21	Scandium	Sc	1879	Lars Nilson	Sweden	SKAN-di-em	Fairly soft, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant 'rare earth' found in the earth's crust (5.0 ppm).	Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining.	Scandium metal is used in some aerospace applications. Scandum oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high-intensity electric lamps. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a color closely matching natural sunlight.	Latin: Scandia, Scandinavia.	3	2	2	1	44.955910	1541C	2830C	1.36	3.0	7	0	3	2,8,9,2	[Ar] 3d1 4s2	6.5614	12.80	24.76	2.09	1.44	.75 (+3)	15.0	0.6	314.20	14.10	0.0177	0.158	4089.23,4460.55,395.488,399.695,0,0	4493,0,0,401,0,0,0,0,0	.19,0,.001,0,0,0	10.0	80	3	3.3091		5.2735				2.989 (25C)
22	Titanium	Ti	1791	William Gregor	England	tie-TAY-ni-em	Shiny, dark-gray metal. Ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust (5700 ppm). It can be highly polished, and is relatively immune to tarnishing.	Usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2  to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere.	Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others.	Greek: titanos (Titans).	3	3	2	1	47.88	1668C 10C	3287C	1.54	4.50	7	0	(4),3,2	2,8,10,2	[Ar] 3d2 4s2	6.8282	13.58	27.491	2.00	1.32	.61 (+4)	10.64	0.52	421.00	15.450	0.0234	0.219	4509,4931.98,452.171,458.357,0,0	4967,0,454.4,454.3,0,0,0,0,0	.219,0,.001,0,0,0	8.6	110	2,3,4	29512		4.6845				4.5 (20C)
23	Vanadium	V	1830	Nils Sefstrm	Sweden	veh-NAY-di-em	Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room temperature.	Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated  with Mg in Ar atmosphere.	It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer.	From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis.	3	4	2	1	50.9415	1890C 10C	3407C	1.63	5.8	2	0	(5),4,3,2	2,8,11,2	[Ar] 3d3 4s2	6.7463	14.65	29.31	1.92	1.22	.54 (+5)	8.78	0.49	0.452	20.90	0.0489	0.307	4949.85,5427.48,511.28,519.202,0,0	5466,0,0,511.3,0,0,0,0,0	.249,0,.002,0,0,0	8.4	129	2,3,4,5	3.0232						6.11 (20C)
24	Chromium	Cr	1797	Louis Vauquelin	France	KROH-mi-em	Very hard, crystalline, steel-gray metal. The pure metal has a blue-white color. It is hard, brittle and corrsion-resistant at normal temperatures.	Chromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)] is its most important mineral. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium.	Used to make stainless steel. It gives the color to rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various percentages yield an incredible variety of the most important metals in modern technology.	Greek: chrma (color).	3	5	2	1	51.9961	1857C	2672C	1.66	7.19	2	3	6,(3),2	2,8,13,1	[Ar] 3d5 4s1	6.7666	16.50	30.96	1.85	1.18	.62 (+3)	7.23	0.45	344.30	16.90	0.0774	0.937	5411.85,5946.91,572.945,582.912,0,0	5990,741,691,598,0,0,0,0,0	.281,0,.002,0,0,0	4.9	259	2,3,6	2.8847						7.19 (20C)
25	Manganese	Mn	1774	Johann Gahn	Sweden	MAN-ge-nees	Hard, brittle, gray-white metal with a pinkish tinge. Rusts like iron in moist air.	Most abundant ores are pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure metal produced by mixing MnO2 with powered Al and ignited in a furnace.	Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as 1.2% manganese. It is crucial to the effectiveness of vitamin B1.	Latin: magnes (magnet); Italian: manganese.	3	6	2	1	54.93805	1244C	2061C	1.55	7.43	2	0	7,6,4,(2),3	2,8,13,2	[Ar] 3d5 4s2	7.4340	15.64	33.667	1.79	1.17	.67 (+2)	7.39	0.48	226.0	12.050	0.00695	0.0782	5895.25,6490.67,637.457,648.799,0,0	6539,0,0,640,0,49.5,0,0,0	.314,0,.003,0,0,0	21.7	198	1,2,3,4,6,7	8.9142						7.44 (20C)
26	Iron	Fe	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	EYE-ern	Malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust (56,300 ppm). Ninth most abundant element in the universe.	Obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom.  This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides and liquified where it flows to the bottom	Used in steel and other alloys. Essential for humans. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in magnetic tapes and disks.	Anglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron).	3	7	2	1	55.847	1535C	2861C	1.83	7.86	2	0	2,(3)	2,8,14,2	[Ar] 3d6 4s2	7.9024	16.18	30.651	1.72	1.17	.55 (+3)	7.1	0.44	349.60	13.80	0.0993	0.802	6399.74,7058.22,704.863,718.34,0,0	7112,0,720.8,707.4,0,53.8,0,0,0	.347,0,.003,0,0,0	11.8	211	2,3,4,6	2.8665						7.873 (20C)
27	Cobalt	Co	1739	George Brandt	Sweden	KO-bolt	Hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-gray metal. Exists in the earth's curst in cocentrations of about 25 ppm. It has remarkable magnetic properties.	Occurs in compounds with arsenic, oxygen and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4). Pure cobalt is obtained as a byproduct of refining nickel, copper and iron.	Used in many hard alloys; for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Remains hard up to 982C. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in cancer therapy.	German: kobold (goblin).	3	8	2	1	58.93320	1495C	2927C	1.88	8.90	7	0	(2),3	2,8,15,2	[Ar] 3d7 4s2	7.8810	17.06	33.50	1.67	1.16	.65 (+2)	6.7	0.42	376.50	16.190	0.172	1.00	6925.55,7649.69,776.267,791.43,0,0	7709,0,793.8,779,0,61,0,0,0	.381,0,.004,0,0,0	13	208	2,3	2.507		4.070				8.90 (20C)
28	Nickel	Ni	1751	Axel Cronstedt	Sweden	NIK-l	Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Found in the earth's crust in portions averaging 70 ppm. It can be polished to a lustrous finish. Virtually no corrosion under normal conditions.	Chiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel.	Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries; as a catalyst and for coins.	German: kupfernickel (false copper).	3	9	2	1	58.6934	1453C	2913C	1.91	8.90	1	4	(2),3	2,8,16,2	[Ar] 3d8 4s2	7.6398	18.168	35.17	1.62	1.15	.69 (+2)	6.59	0.44	370.40	17.470	0.143	0.907	7472.65,8264.98,851.49,868.793,0,0	8333,1009,870.6,853.6,0,0,65.81,0,0	.414,0,.005,0,0,0	13.4	208	0,1,2,3	3.5239						8.908 (20C)
29	Copper	Cu	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	KOP-er	Malleable, ductile, reddish-brown metal.	Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O).	Most often used as an electrical conductor. Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewelry and for coins.	Symbol from Latin: cuprum (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines).	3	10	2	1	63.546	1083C	2567C	1.90	8.96	1	5	(2),1	2,8,18,1	[Ar] 3d10 4s1	7.7264	20.292	36.83	1.57	1.17	.73 (+2)	7.1	0.38	300.30	13.050	0.596	4.01	8041.39,8905.59,929.705,949.861,0,0	8979,1097,952.68,933.06,112.1,77.7,74.7,0,0	.446,0,.006,0,0,0	16.5	124	1,2	3.6148						8.94 (20C)
30	Zinc	Zn	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Germany	ZINK	Bluish-silver, ductile metal.	Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO).	Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, nickel. Also in solder, cosmetics and pigments.	German: zink (German for tin).	3	11	1	1	65.39	419.58C	907C	1.65	7.14	7	2	2	2,8,18,2	[Ar] 3d10 4s2	9.3941	17.964	39.722	1.53	1.25	.74 (+2)	9.2	0.39	115.30	7.322	0.166	1.16	8631.44,9572.31,1011.79,1034.68,78.972,0	9659,1194,1043,1020,0,90.5,86.2,0,0	.479,0,.007,0,0,0	30.2	95	2	2.6650		4.9470				7.14 (20C)
31	Gallium	Ga	1875	Paul mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran	France	GAL-i-em	Soft, blue-white metal.	Found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal.	Used in semiconductor production. It us used in making LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.	Latin: Gallia (France).	3	12	1	1	69.723	29.78C	2204C	1.81	5.907	3	0	3	2,8,18,3	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1	5.9993	20.51	30.71	1.81	1.26	.62 (+3)	11.8	0.37	258.70	5.590	0.0678	0.406	9243.12,10264.6,1097.99,1124.79,0,0	10367,1298,1143,1116,0,103.6,0,0,0	.51,0,.009,0,0,0	19.7	11	2,3	4.523	7.661	4.524				5.903 (25C)
32	Germanium	Ge	1886	Clemens Winkler	Germany	jer-MAY-ni-em	Grayish-white metal.	Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.	Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony.	Latin: Germania (Germany).	3	13	1	15	72.61	937.4C	2830C	2.01	5.323	1	3	(4),2	2,8,18,4	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2	7.900	15.934	34.22	1.52	1.22	.53 (+4)	13.6	0.32	330.90	36.940	1.45e-8	0.599	9876.4,10982.5,1188.04,1218.53,0,0	11103,1415,1248,1217,0,123,0,30.1,0	.54,0,.01,0,0,0	5.7	115	2,4	5.677						5.323 (25C)
33	Arsenic	As	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	AR-s'n-ik	Steel-gray, brittle semi-metal.	Found in mispickel (arsenopyrite)	Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Conducts electricity. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in the manufacture of paints, wallpapers, and ceramics.	Greek: arsenikon; Latin: arsenicum, (both names for yellow pigment).	3	14	6	15	74.92159	817C @ 28 atmos.	Sublimes at 613C	2.18	5.72	4	10	(3),5	2,8,18,5	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3	9.8152	18.633	28.351	1.33	1.20	.58 (+3)	13.1	0.33	34.760	--	0.0345	0.500	10532.1,11726.6,1282.05,1317.02,0,0	11867,1527,1359,1324,0,0,0,0,0	.568,0,.012,0,0,0	15.4	39	-3,0,3,5	4.1319		a=54 8'				5.73 (25C)
34	Selenium	Se	1818	Jns Berzelius	Sweden	si-LEE-ni-em	Soft metalloid similar to sulfur. Ranges from gray metallic to red glassy appearance.	Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.	Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red.	Greek: seln (moon).	3	15	6	6	78.96	217C	684.9C	2.55	4.79	7	9	-2,(4),6	2,8,18,6	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4	9.7524	21.19	30.82	1.22	1.16	.50 (+4)	16.45	0.32	37.70	6.694	1.0e-12	0.0204	11209,12496.3,1379.15,1419.28,0,0	12658,1654,1477,1436,0,0,0,0,54.43	.596,0,.014,0,0,0	45.0	20	-2,4,6	4.3658		4.9592				4.28 (amorphous)
35	Bromine	Br	1826	Antoine J. Balard	France	BRO-meen	Redish-brown liquid.	Occurs in compounds in sea water.	It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is primarily used in dyes, disinfectants, and photographic chemicals.	Greek: brmos (stench).	3	16	4	6	79.904	-7.2C	58.78C	2.96	3.119	3	16	(1),5	2,8,18,7	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5	11.8138	21.8	36.0	1.12	1.14	1.96 (-1)	25.6	0.473	15.438	5.286	--	0.00122	11909.1,13291.9,1480.49,1525.95,0,0	13474,1782,1596,1550,0,0,0,0,71	.622,0,.016,0,0,0	--	--	1,3,5,7	--						--
36	Krypton	Kr	1898	Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers	Great Britain	KRIP-ton	Colorless, odorless, tasteless rare noble gas.	Forms 1 millionth of the atmosphere. Obtained from production of liquid air.	Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways.	Greek: kryptos (hidden).	3	17	0	6	83.80	-156.6C	-152.3C	0	0.003708	1	20	0	2,8,18,8	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6	13.9996	24.359	36.95	1.03	1.12	--	38.9	0.248	9.029	1.638	--	0.0000949	12633.1,14113.3,1586.1,1636.56,0,0	14326,1921,1728,1675,0,0,0,95.04,93.83	.646,0,.019,0,0,0	425	--	0	--						--
37	Rubidium	Rb	1861	R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff	Germany	roo-BID-i-em	Soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal.	Occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.	Used as a catalyst, photocells, and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes.	Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames.	4	0	3	1	85.4678	38.89C	686C	0.82	1.53	2	0	1	2,8,18,8,1	[Kr] 5s1	4.1771	27.28	40.0	2.98	2.16	1.61 (+1)	55.9	0.363	72.216	2.192	0.0779	0.582	13375.9,14961.8,1694.18,1752.22,0,0	15200,2066,1864,1805,0,0,0,0,110	.669,0,.021,0,0,0	91	2.0	1,2,3,4	5.70						1.53 (20C)
38	Strontium	Sr	1790	A. Crawford	Scotland	STRON-she-em	Soft, malleable, silvery-yellow metal.	Found in minerals celestite and strontianite.	Used in flares and fireworks for crimson color. Strontium-90 is a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of atomic-bomb explosions.	From the Scottish town, Strontian.	4	1	7	1	87.62	769C	1384C	0.95	2.6	1	6	2	2,8,18,8,2	[Kr] 5s2	5.6948	11.03	43.60	2.45	1.91	1.26 (+2)	33.7	0.30	144.0	8.30	0.0762	0.353	14143.1,15836.3,1806.63,1871.79,0,0	16105,2217,2007,1940,0,0,0,0,133	.691,0,.024,0,0,0	22.5	15	2	6.0851						2.54 (20C)
39	Yttrium	Y	1789	Johann Gadolin	Finland	IT-ri-em	Silvery, ductile, fairly reactive metal.	Found in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.	Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radar.	From the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found.	4	2	2	1	88.90585	1522C 8C	3338C	1.22	4.47	7	0	3	2,8,18,9,2	[Kr] 4d1 5s2	6.217	12.24	20.52	2.27	1.62	1.02 (+3)	19.8	0.30	363.0	11.40	0.0166	0.172	14933.7,16738.5,1922.61,1995.9,0,0	17038,2373,2156,2080,0,0,0,0,156	.711,0,.027,0,0,0	11.3	64.4	3	3.6475		5.7308				4.469 (25C)
40	Zirconium	Zr	1789	Martin Klaproth	Germany	zer-KO-ni-em	Gray-white, lustrous, corrosion-resistant metal.	Found in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite.	Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a popular gemstone.	From the mineral, zircon.	4	3	2	1	91.224	1852C 2C	4377C	1.33	6.4	7	0	4	2,8,18,10,2	[Kr] 4d2 5s2	6.6339	13.13	22.99	2.16	1.45	.84 (+4)	14.1	0.27	58.20	16.90	0.0236	0.227	15747.4,17668.5,2042.43,2124.49,0,0	17998,2532,2307,2223,0,0,0,0,180	.73,0,.031,0,0,0	5.7	94	2,3,4	3.2313		5.1479				6.506 (20C)
41	Niobium	Nb	1801	Charles Hatchet	England	ni-OH-bee-em	Shiny white, soft, ductile metal.	Occurs in a mineral columbite. Formerly known as colombium (Cb). It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets and missiles.	Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known to be superconductive when alloyed with tin, aluminum or zirconium.	From Niobe; daughter of the mythical Greek king Tantalus.	4	4	2	1	92.90638	2468C 10C	4742C	1.6	8.57	2	4	(5),3	2,8,18,12,1	[Kr] 4d4 5s1	6.7589	14.32	25.04	2.08	1.34	.64 (+5)	10.87	0.26	682.0	26.40	0.0693	0.537	16584.2,18953.4,2165.95,2257.44,0,0	18986,2698,2465,2371,0,0,0,0,204	.747,0,.035,0,0,0	7.3	104	2,3,5	3.3067						8.57 (20C)
42	Molybdenum	Mo	1778	Carl Wilhelm Scheele	Sweden	meh-LIB-deh-nem	Hard, silvery-white metal.	Found in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb).	Its alloys are used in aircraft, missiles, and protective coatings in boiler plate.	Greek: molybdos (lead).	4	5	2	1	95.94	2617C	4612C	2.16	10.2	2	0	(6),5,4,3,2	2,8,18,13,1	[Kr] 4d5 5s1	7.0924	16.461	27.16	2.01	1.30	.59 (+6)	9.4	0.25	598.0	32.0	0.187	1.38	17444.8,19608.9,2293.24,2394.89,0,0	20000,2866,2626,2521,0,0,0,0,228	.764,0,.039,0,0,0	4.8	322	2,3,6	3.1469						10.22 (20C)
43	Technetium	Tc	1937	Carlo Perrier, millo Segr	Italy	tek-NEE-shi-em	Silvery-gray metal. First synthetically produced element.	Made first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in a cyclotron.	Added to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a corrosion-resistant alloy.	Greek: techntos (artificial).	4	6	2	1	(97.9072)	2172C	4877C	1.9	11.5	7	0	(7),6,4	2,8,18,13,2	[Kr] 4d5 5s2	7.28	15.26	29.54	1.95	1.27	--	8.5	0.21	660.0	24.0	0.067	0.506	18328.8,20619.6,2424.05,2536.89,0,0	21044,3043,2794,2677,0,0,0,0,253	.779,0,.043,0,0,0	8	380	0,2,4,5,6,7	2.735		4.388				11.50 (20C)
44	Ruthenium	Ru	1844	Karl Klaus	Russia	roo-THE-ni-em	Rare, extremely brittle, silver-gray metal.	Found in pentlandite and pyroxinite.	Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.	Latin: Ruthenia (Russia).	4	7	2	1	101.07	2334C	4150C	2.2	12.2	7	0	2,(3,4),6,8	2,8,18,15,1	[Kr] 4d7 5s1	7.3605	16.76	28.47	1.89	1.25	.62 (+4)	8.3	0.238	595.0	24.0	0.137	1.17	19236.9,21657.6,2558.64,2683.33,0,0	22117,3224,2967,2838,0,0,0,0,280	.793,0,.047,0,0,0	6.4	430	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8	2.7059		4.2818				12.45 (20C)
45	Rhodium	Rh	1803	William Wollaston	England	RO-di-em	Hard, silvery-white metal	Obtained as a by-product of nickel production.	Used as a coating to prevent wear on high quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouples.	Greek: rhodon (rose). Its salts give a rosy solution.	4	8	2	1	102.90550	1966C 3C	3695C	2.28	12.4	1	0	2,(3),4	2,8,18,16,1	[Kr] 4d8 5s1	7.4589	18.08	31.06	1.83	1.25	.67 (+3)	8.3	0.242	493.0	21.50	0.211	1.50	20169.1,22724.6,2696.84,2834.51,0,0	23220,3412,3147,3004,0,0,0,0,307	.806,0,.052,0,0,0	8.2	330	2,3,4,5,6	3.8045						12.41 (20C)
46	Palladium	Pd	1803	William Wollaston	England	peh-LAY-di-em	Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal.	Obtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores.	Used as a substitue for silver in dental items and jewelry. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in analog wristwatches. Also used in surgical instruments and as catalyst .	Named after the asteroid, Pallas, discovered in 1803.	4	9	2	1	106.42	1552C	2940C	2.20	12.02	1	4	(2),4	2,8,18,18	[Kr] 4d10	8.3369	19.63	32.93	1.79	1.28	.64 (+2)	8.9	0.24	357.0	17.60	0.0950	0.718	21125.5,23819.5,2838.71,2990.32,0,0	24350,3605,3331,3174,0,0,0,0,335	.818,0,.058,0,0,0	11.8	127	2,3,4	3.8908						12.02 (20C)
47	Silver	Ag	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	SIL-ver	Silvery-ductile, and malleable metal	Found in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver.	Used in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive.	Anglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium.	4	10	2	1	107.8682	961.93C	2162C	1.93	10.5	1	0	1	2,8,18,18,1	[Kr] 4d10 5s1	7.5762	21.49	34.83	1.75	1.34	1.15 (+1)	10.3	0.235	250.580	11.30	0.630	4.29	22105.9,24943.2,2984.41,3151.05,0,0	25514,3806,3524,3352,0,0,0,402.2,398.1	.83,0,.063,0,0,0	18.9	80	1,2	4.0863						10.50 (20C)
48	Cadmium	Cd	1817	Fredrich Stromeyer	Germany	KAD-me-em	Soft, malleable, blue-white metal.	Obtained as a by product of zinc refining.	Used in nickel-cadmium batteries. Also in electroplating steel and in the manufacture of berings. Its compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colors. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapor that is poisonous.	Greek: kadmeia (ancient name for calamine (zinc oxide)).	4	11	1	1	112.411	320.9C	765C	1.69	8.65	7	0	2	2,8,18,18,2	[Kr] 4d10 5s2	8.9937	16.908	37.48	1.71	1.48	.95 (+2)	13.1	0.23	99.570	6.192	0.138	0.968	23110.9,26096.7,3133.83,3316.69,0,0	26711,4018,3727,3538,0,0,0,440.8,0	.84,0,.069,0,0,0	30.8	62	2	2.9789		5.6169				8.65 (20C)
49	Indium	In	1863	Ferdinand Reich, T. Richter	Germany	IN-di-em	Rare, very soft, silver-white metal	Found in certain zinc ores.	Used to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relativly small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic semiconductors.	Latin: indicum (color indigo), the color it shows in a spectroscope.	4	12	1	1	114.818	156.61C	2080C	1.78	7.31	6	0	3	2,8,18,18,3	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1	5.7864	18.869	28.03	2.00	1.44	.80 (+3)	15.7	0.23	231.50	3.263	0.116	0.816	24140.9,27277.1,3287.06,3487.33,0,0	27940,4238,3938,3731,0,0,0,0,443	.85,0,.075,0,0,0	32.1	14	1,2,3	4.5981		4.9469				7.31 (20C)
50	Tin	Sn	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	TIN	Silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal.	Principally found in the ore cassiterite(SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4).	Used as a coating for steel cans since it is nontoxic and noncorrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20%Sn:80%Cu), and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some toothpaste.	Named after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin).	4	13	1	1	118.710	231.97C	2602C	1.96	7.30	6	4	(4),2	2,8,18,18,4	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2	7.3438	14.632	30.502	1.72	1.41	.71 (+4)	16.3	0.227	295.80	7.029	0.0917	0.666	25196.2,28486.7,3444.1,3662.93,0,0	29200,4465,4157,3929,0,0,0,511,0	.859,0,.081,0,0,0	22.0	50	2,4	5.8317						5.75 (gray, 20C)
51	Antimony	Sb	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	AN-teh-MOH-ni	Hard, brittle, silvery-white semimetal.	Found in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3).	It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices. Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony compounds.	Greek: anti and monos (not alone); symbol from mineral stibnite.	4	14	1	15	121.757	630.74C	1587C	2.05	6.684	4	2	(3),5	2,8,18,18,5	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3	8.64	16.53	25.30	1.53	1.40	.76 (+3)	18.23	0.21	77.140	19.870	0.0288	0.243	26277,29727,3604.84,3843.71,0,0	30491,4699,4381,4133,0,0,0,0,528	.867,0,.088,0,0,0	11.0	67	0,-3,3,5	4.5069		a=57 6'27"				6.684 (25C)
52	Tellurium	Te	1782	Franz Mller von Reichenstein	Romania	te-LOOR-i-em	Silvery-white, brittle simi-metal.	Obtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining.	Used to improve the machining quality of copper and stainless steel products and to color glass and ceramics. Also in thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in manufacturing blasting caps.	Latin: tellus (earth).	4	15	6	15	127.60	449.5C	989.9C	2.1	6.24	7	0	-2,(4),6	2,8,18,18,6	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4	9.0096	18.60	27.96	1.42	1.36	.97 (+4)	20.5	0.20	52.550	17.490	2.0e-6	0.0235	27382.5,30945.3,3769.47,4029.73,0,0	31814,4940,4612,4342,1006,0,0,0,572	.875,0,.095,0,0,0	18.8	40	2,4,6	4.4568		5.9270				11.50 (20C)
53	Iodine	I	1811	Bernard Courtois	France	EYE-eh-dine	Shiny, black, non-metalic solid; as a gas it is violet and intensely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.	Occurs on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds.	Required in small amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature.	Greek: ieides (violet colored).	4	16	4	6	126.90447	113.5C	184.35C @ 35 atmos.	2.66	4.93	3	11	(1),5,7	2,8,18,18,7	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5	10.4513	19.131	33.0	1.32	1.33	2.20 (-1)	25.74	0.214	20.752	7.824	8.0e-16	0.00449	28514.2,0,3937.79,4220.87,0,0	33169,5189,4853,4558,1073,0,0,631,0	.882,0,.103,0,0,0	87	--	1,3,5,7	4.79	7.25	9.78				4.93 (20C)
54	Xenon	Xe	1898	Sir William Ramsay; M. W. Travers	England	ZEE-non	Heavy, colorless, odorless, noble gas.	Obtain from the small quantities in liquid air.	Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant whtie light. Also used in bubble chambers and modern nuclear power reactors.	Greek: xenos (strange).	4	17	0	6	131.29	-111.9C	-107.1C	0	0.00588	1	20	0	2,8,18,18,8	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6	12.1299	21.21	32.10	1.24	1.31	--	37.3	0.158	12.636	2.297	--	0.0000569	29672.2,0,4110.1,0,0,0	34561,5453,5104,4783,1145,0,928.1,0,672	.888,0,.11,0,0,0	253	--	0	--						3.52 (liquid,-109C)
55	Cesium	Cs	1860	Gustov Kirchoff, Robert Bunsen	Germany	SEE-zi-em	Very soft, light gray, ductile metal.	Found in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite.	Used as a 'getter' to remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric devices and atomic clocks. Since it ionizes readily, it is used as an ion rocket motor propellant.	Latin: coesius (sky blue); for the blue lines of its spectrum.	5	0	3	1	132.90543	28.4C	669.3C	0.79	1.873	2	0	1	2,8,18,18,8,1	[Xe] 6s1	3.8939	25.10	--	3.34	2.35	1.74 (+1)	71.07	0.24	67.740	2.092	0.0489	0.359	30857.5,0,4286.59,4619.94,0,0	35982,5714,5360,5012,1217,1065,0,0,726	.895,0,.118,0,0,0	100	1.8	1	6.0797						1.873 (20C)
56	Barium	Ba	1808	Sir Humphrey Davy	England	BAR-i-em	Soft, slightly malleable, silvery-white metal.	Found in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be stored under kerosene to remain pure.	Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics, and resins. It is insoluable in water and so is used in X-rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brilliant green and is used in fireworks.	Greek: barys (heavy or dense).	5	1	7	1	137.327	725C	1897C	0.89	3.51	2	0	2	2,8,18,18,8,2	[Xe] 6s2	5.2117	10.004	--	2.78	1.98	1.42 (+2)	39.24	0.204	142.0	7.750	0.030	0.184	0,0,4466.41,4827.70,0,0	37438,5989,5624,5247,1293,1137,1063,796.7,780.1	.9,0,.126,0,0,0	20.6	13	2	5.013						3.51 (20C)
57	Lanthanum	La	1839	Carl Mosander	Sweden	LAN-the-nem	Soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal.	Found with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typicall contains 25% lanthanum.	It is used in the electodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Also used in the production of high-grade europium metal. Because it gives glass refractive properties, it is used in expensive camera lenses.	Greek: lanthanein (to be hidden).	5	2	2	1	138.9055	918C	3464C	1.10	6.7	7	0	3	2,8,18,18,9,2	[Xe] 5d1 6s2	5.5770	11.059	19.174	2.74	1.69	1.16 (+3)	20.73	0.19	414.0	6.20	0.0126	0.135	0,0,4651.14,5042.29,833.235,854.482	38922,6262,5891,5483,1362,1205,1124,0,832	.906,0,.135,0,0,0	5.2	50	3	3.770		12.159				6.145 (25C)
58	Cerium	Ce	1803	W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. Klaproth	Sweden/Germany	SER-i-em	Malleable, ductile, iron-gray metal.	Most abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)].	Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals.	Named after the asteroid, Ceres, discovered two years before the element.	8	2	5	1	140.115	798C 3C	3433C	1.12	6.78	1	3	(3),4	2,8,18,20,8,2	[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2	5.5387	10.851	20.20	2.70	1.65	1.14 (+3)	20.67	0.19	414.0	5.460	0.0115	0.114	0,0,4840.34,5262.31,883.087,901.712	40441,6549,6164,5724,1453,1273,1186,0,883	.911,0,.144,0,0,0	5.2	30	3,4	5.1603						6.672 (25C)
59	Praseodymium	Pr	1885	C.F. Aver von Welsbach	Austria	pra-si-eh-DIM-i-em	Silvery white, moderately soft, malleable, ductile metal.	Obtained from same salts as neodymium.	Used with neodymium to make lenses for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in glass blowing. Alloyed with magnesium creates a high-strength metal used in aircraft engines. Makes up 5% of Mich metal.	Greek: prasios and didymos (green twin); from its green salts.	8	3	5	1	140.90765	931C	3520C	1.13	6.77	7	0	(3,4)	2,8,18,21,8,2	[Xe] 4f3 6s2	5.464	10.551	21.62	2.67	1.65	1.13 (+3)	20.8	0.19	296.80	6.890	0.0148	0.125	0,0,5033.92,5488.99,929.217,949.352	41988,6835,6440,5964,1511,1338,1243,944.8,925.7	.915,0,.153,0,0,0	5.4	50	3	3.6726		11.8358				6.773 (25C)
60	Neodymium	Nd	1925	C.F. Aver von Welsbach	Austria	nee-eh-DIM-i-em	Silvery-white, rare-earth metal that oxidizes easily in air.	Made from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand.	Used in making artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. Makes up 18% of Mich metal, which is used in making steel.	Greek: neos and didymos (new twin).	8	4	5	1	144.24	1021C	3074C	1.14	7.0	7	0	3	2,8,18,22,8,2	[Xe] 4f4 6s2	5.5250	10.727	22.076	2.64	1.64	--	20.6	0.19	273.0	7.140	0.0157	0.165	0,0,5230.57,5721.79,977.803,996.667	43566,7120,6722,6208,1576,1403,1298,995.1,973.4	.92,0,.162,0,0,0	6.9	38	3	3.6580						7.007 (20C)
61	Promethium	Pm	1945	J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell	United States	pro-MEE-thi-em	Rare earth metal of synthetic origin on the earth, naturally made in stars.	Does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.	It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.	Named for the Greek god, Prometheus.	8	5	5	1	(144.9127)	1042 C	3000 C (estimated)	1.13	6.475	7	0	3	2,8,18,23,8,2	[Xe] 4f5 6s2	5.55	10.903	22.283	2.62	1.63	1.09 (+3)	22.39	0.18	--	--	--	0.179	0,0,5432.71,5961.70,0,0	45189,7428,7013,6459,1647,1472,1357,1052,1027	.924,0,.171,0,0,0	--	42	3	--						7.22 (25C)
62	Samarium	Sm	1879	Paul mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran	France	seh-MER-i-em	Silvery rare earth metal.	Found with other rare earths in monazite sand. The sand is often 50% rare earths by weight and 2.8% samarium.	It is used in the electronics and ceramics industries.  It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetize. This suggests important future applications in solid-state and superconductor technologies.	Named after the mineral samarskite.	8	6	5	1	150.36	1074C	1794C	1.17	7.54	4	0	(3),2	2,8,18,24,8,2	[Xe] 4f6 6s2	5.6437	11.069	23.423	2.59	1.62	1.08 (+3)	19.95	0.20	166.40	8.630	0.00956	0.133	0,0,5636.21,6205.29,1080.95,1100.14	46831,7737,7312,6716,1723,1541,1420,1106,1090	.927,0,.181,0,0,0	--	45	2,3	8.996		a=23 13'				7.52 (25C)
63	Europium	Eu	1901	Eugne Demaray	France	yoo-RO-pi-em	Soft, silvery-white metal.	Obtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other rare earths.	Used with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for color televisions.	Named for the continent of Europe.	8	7	5	1	151.965	822C	1527C	1.2	5.259	2	0	(3),2	2,8,18,25,8,2	[Xe] 4f7 6s2	5.6704	11.245	24.926	2.56	1.85	1.07 (+3)	28.9	0.18	143.50	9.210	0.0112	0.139	0,0,5845.89,6456.56,1131.25,1153.35	48516,8052,7617,6977,1800,1614,1481,1161,1131	.931,0,.19,0,0,0	41	15	2,3	4.5822						5.243 (25C)
64	Gadolinium	Gd	1880	Jean de Marignac	Switzerland	GAD-eh-LIN-i-em	Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal.	Found with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand.	Used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components.	Named after the mineral gadolinite.	8	8	5	1	157.25	1313C	3273C	1.20	7.895	7	0	3	2,8,18,25,9,2	[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2	6.1500	12.095	20.635	2.54	1.61	1.05 (+3)	19.9	0.23	359.40	10.050	0.00736	0.106	0,0,6057.52,6713.53,1185.33,1209.14	50236,8376,7930,7243,1881,1688,1544,1218,1186	.934,0,.2,0,0,0	-2	55	3	3.6361		5.7828				7.90 (25C)
65	Terbium	Tb	1843	Carl Mosander	Sweden	TUR-bi-em	Soft, ductile, silvery-gray, rare earth metal.	Found with other rare earths in monazite sand, which typically contain 0.03% terbium. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite, both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium.	It is used in modest amounts in special lasers and solid-state devices.	Named after Ytterby, a village in Sweden.	8	9	5	1	158.92534	1356C	3230C	1.2	8.27	7	0	(3),4	2,8,18,27,8,2	[Xe] 4f9 6s2	5.8639	11.525	21.91	2.51	1.59	1.18 (+3)	19.2	0.18	330.90	10.80	0.00889	0.111	0,0,6272.98,6978.02,1239.85,1266.19	51993,8708,8252,7514,1968,1768,1612,1275,1242	.937,0,.21,0,0,0	9.4	57	3,4	3.6011		5.6938				8.23 (25C)
66	Dysprosium	Dy	1886	Paul mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran	France	dis-PRO-si-em	Soft, lustrous, silvery metal.	Usually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sand, which is often 50% rare earth by weight.	Its uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric.	Greek: dysprositos (hard to get at).	8	10	5	1	162.50	1412C	2567C	1.22	8.536	7	0	3	2,8,18,28,8,2	[Xe] 4f10 6s2	5.9389	11.67	22.802	2.49	1.59	1.03 (+3)	19.0	0.17	230.0	11.060	0.0108	0.107	0,0,6495.43,7247.98,1292.86,1325.06	53785,9046,8581,7790,2047,1842,1676,1333,1295	.94,0,.22,0,0,0	9.6	63	3	3.5904		5.6477				8.540 (25C)
67	Holmium	Ho	1878	J.L. Soret	Switzerland	HOLE-mi-em	Fairly soft, malleable, lustrous, silvery metal.	Occurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite which is often 50% rare earth and typically 0.05% holmium.	It has very few practical applications; however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope for future applications.	From Holmia, the Latinized name for Stockholm, Sweden.	8	11	5	1	164.93032	1474C	2700C	1.23	8.80	7	0	3	2,8,18,29,8,2	[Xe] 4f11 6s2	6.0216	11.805	22.843	2.47	1.58	--	18.7	0.16	241.0	12.20	0.0124	0.162	0,0,6720.08,7525.67,1347.67,1382.99	55615,9394,8918,8071,2129,1923,1742,1392,1352	.943,0,.231,0,0,0	9.8	72	3	3.5774		5.6160				8.795 (25C)
68	Erbium	Er	1843	Carl Mosander	Sweden	UR-bi-em	Soft, malleable, silvery metal.	Found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite.	Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to obtain a pink glaze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloying agent for other exotic metals. For example, it increases the malleability of vanadium.	Named after the Swedish town, Ytterby.	8	12	5	1	167.26	1529C	2868C	1.24	9.05	7	3	3	2,8,18,30,8,2	[Xe] 4f12 6s2	6.1078	11.929	22.739	2.45	1.57	1.00 (+3)	18.4	0.17	261.0	19.90	0.0117	0.143	0,0,6948.88,7811.09,1405.73,1443.03	57482,9751,9264,8358,2207,2006,1812,1454,1410	.945,0,.241,0,0,0	9.4	73	3	3.5589		5.5876				9.066 (25C)
69	Thulium	Tm	1879	Per Theodor Cleve	Sweden	THOO-li-em	Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metal	Found with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium.	Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.	From Thule ancient name of Scandinavia.	8	13	5	1	168.93421	1545C	1950C	1.25	9.33	7	0	(3),2	2,8,18,31,8,2	[Xe] 4f13 6s2	6.1843	12.054	26.367	2.42	1.56	1.09 (+3)	18.1	0.16	191.0	16.840	0.0150	0.168	0,0,7180.07,8101.5,1462.09,1503.04	59386,10115,9617,8648,2307,2090,1885,1515,1468	.947,0,.251,0,0,0	12	76	3	3.5346		5.5548				9.321 (25C)
70	Ytterbium	Yb	1878	Jean de Marignac	Switzerland	i-TUR-bi-em	Silvery, lustrous, malleable, and ductile metal.	Found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite, and xenotime. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and typically 0.03% ytterbium.	Used in metallurgical and chemical experiments.	Named for the Swedish village of Ytterby.	8	14	5	1	173.04	819C	1196C	1.1	6.98	1	0	(3),2	2,8,18,32,8,2	[Xe] 4f14 6s2	6.2542	12.188	25.03	2.40	1.74	.99 (+3)	24.79	0.15	128.90	7.660	0.0351	0.349	0,0,7415.88,8402.09,1521.48,1567.65	61329,10486,9978,8944,2398,2173,1950,1577,1528	.95,0,.262,0,0,0	25.1	18	2,3	5.4864						6.9654 (25C)
71	Lutetium	Lu	1907	Georges Urbain	France	loo-TEE-shi-em	Silvery-white, hard, dense, rare earth metal.	Found with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Usually obtained from monazite sand which is ofter 50% rare earth by weight and 0.003% lutetium.	It has no practical applications.	Named for the ancient name of Paris, Lutecia.	8	15	5	1	174.967	1663C	3402C	1.27	9.85	7	0	3	2,8,18,32,9,2	[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2	5.4259	13.888	20.957	2.25	1.56	.98 (+3)	17.78	0.15	355.90	18.60	0.0185	0.164	0,0,7655.73,8709.35,1581.45,1631.17	63310,10870,10348,9244,2492,2264,2024,1640,1589	.952,0,.272,0,0,0	8.2	84	3	3.5032		5.5511				9.84 (25C)
72	Hafnium	Hf	1923	Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy	Denmark	HAF-ni-em	Silvery, ductile metal.	Obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite.	Used in reactor control rods because of its ability to absorb neutrons.	From Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen.	5	3	2	1	178.49	2227C	4602C	1.3	13.2	7	0	4	2,8,18,32,10,2	[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2	6.8251	14.925	23.32	2.16	1.44	.83 (+4)	13.6	0.14	575.0	24.060	0.0312	0.230	0,0,7899.27,9023.03,1644.59,1697.73	64347,11270,10739,9561,2601,2366,2108,1717,1662	.954,0,.283,0,0,0	5.9	139	4	3.1947		5.0513				13.29 (25C)
73	Tantalum	Ta	1802	Anders Ekeberg	Sweden	TAN-te-lem	Rare, gray, heavy, hard but ductile, metal with a high melting point.	Chiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Always found with niobium.	Often used as an economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera lenses to increase refracting power. It and its alloys are corrosion and wear resistant so it is used to make surgical and dental tools.	From king Tantalus of Greek mythology, father of Niobe.	5	4	2	1	180.9479	2996C	5425C 100C	1.5	16.6	2	0	5	2,8,18,32,11,2	[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2	7.89	--	--	2.09	1.34	.64 (+5)	10.90	0.14	743.0	31.60	0.0761	0.575	0,0,8146.38,9343.43,1709.67,1765.42	67412,11681,11135,9881,2708,2469,2194,1794,1735	.956,0,.294,0,0,0	6.3	183	3,5	3.298						19.3 (20C)
74	Tungsten	W	1783	Fausto and Juan Jos de Elhuyar	Spain	TUNG-sten	Hard, steel-gray to white metal. Highest melting point of all metals.	Occurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].	Made into filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Combined with calcium or magnesium it makes phosphors. Tungsten carbide is extremely hard and is used for making cutting tools and abrasives.	Swedish: tung sten (heavy stone): symbol from its German name wolfram.	5	5	2	1	183.84	3410C 20C	5660C	2.36	19.3	2	0	(6),5,4,3,2	2,8,18,32,12,2	[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2	7.98	--	--	2.02	1.30	.60 (+6)	9.53	0.13	824.0	35.40	0.189	1.74	0,0,8397.88,9672.68,1775.53,1834.92	69521,12099,11543,10206,2820,2575,2281,1872,1810	.957,0,.304,0,0,0	4.5	401	2,3,4,5,6	3.1653						19.3 (20C)
75	Rhenium	Re	1925	Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg	Germany	REE-ni-em	Rare and costly, dense, silvery-white metal.	Found in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Has a very high melting point.	Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces.	Latin: Rhenus, the Rhine River.	5	6	2	1	186.207	3180C	5627C (estimated)	1.9	21.0	7	0	(7),6,4,2,-1	2,8,18,32,13,2	[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2	7.88	--	--	1.97	1.28	.53 (+7)	8.85	0.13	715.0	33.20	0.0542	0.479	0,0,8652.76,10010.3,1842.55,1906.3	71672,12526,11958,10535,2932,2682,2368,1949,1883	.959,0,.315,0,0,0	6.2	461	-1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7	2.760		4.458				21.04 (20C)
76	Osmium	Os	1804	Smithson Tenant	England	OZ-mi-em	Hard fine black powder or hard, lustrous, blue-white metal.	Obtained from the same ores as platinum.	Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots, to make electric light filaments. Used for high temp. alloys and pressure bearings. Very hard and resists corrosion better than any other.	Greek: osm (odor).	5	7	2	1	190.23	3054C	5027C	2.2	22.40	7	14	2,3,(4),6,8	2,8,18,32,14,2	[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2	8.7	--	--	1.92	1.26	.63 (+4)	8.49	0.13	746.0	31.80	0.109	0.876	0,0,8912.06,10355.7,1913.95,1978.39	73866,12967,12384,10870,3049,2792,2458,2031,1960	.96,0,.325,0,0,0	5.1	550	0,3,4,6,8	2.7354		4.3193				22.61 (20C)
77	Iridium	Ir	1804	S.Tenant, A.F.Fourcory, L.N.Vauquelin, H.V.Collet-Descoltils	England/France	i-RID-i-em	Heavy, brittle, white metal.	Found in gravel deposits with platinum.	Used with osmium to tip gold pen points, to make crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for standard weights and measures, and heat-resistant alloys. Also as hardening agent for platinum.	Latin: iris (rainbow).	5	8	2	1	192.22	2410C	4130C	2.20	22.42	1	4	2,3,(4),6	2,8,18,32,15,2	[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2	9.1	--	--	1.87	1.27	.63 (+4)	8.54	0.130	604.0	26.10	0.197	1.47	0,0,9175.4,10708.6,1979.96,2053.42	76107,13418,12823,11215,3174,2909,2551,2116,2041	.962,0,.335,0,0,0	6.4	533	3	3.8390						22.65 (20C)
78	Platinum	Pt	1735	Julius Scaliger	Italy	PLAT-n-em	Rare, very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal.	Produced from deposits of native, or elemental, platinum.	Used in jewelry, to make crucible and special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very strong magnets. Also to make standard weights and measures. Resists corrosion and acid attacks except aqua regia.	Spanish: platina (little silver).	5	9	2	1	195.08	1772C	3827C	2.28	21.45	1	0	2,(4)	2,8,18,32,17,1	[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1	9.0	18.563	--	1.83	1.30	.63 (+4)	9.10	0.13	510.0	19.60	0.0966	0.716	0,0,9442.62,11071.1,2050.36,2127.41	78390,13879,13272,11563,3296,3027,2646,2202,2122	.963,0,.346,0,0,0	8.8	175	2,3,4	3.9240						19.509 (20C)
79	Gold	Au	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	GOLD	Soft, malleable, bright yellow metal.	Found in veins in the crust, with cooper ore and native .	Very malleable. Used in electronics, jewelry and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight.	Anglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn).	5	10	2	1	196.96654	1064.43C	2808C	2.54	19.32	1	1	(3),1	2,8,18,32,18,1	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1	9.2257	20.521	--	1.79	1.34	.85 (+3)	10.2	0.128	334.40	12.550	0.452	3.17	0,0,9713.68,11442.7,2123.04,2204.58	80720,14351,13733,11918,3425,3148,2763,2291,2206	.964,0,.356,0,0,0	14.2	78.3	1,3	4.0786						19.3 (20C)
80	Mercury	Hg	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	MER-kyoo-ri	Heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures.	Virtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples.	Used in thermometers, barometers, and batteries. Also used in electrical switches and mercury-vapor lighting products.	From the Roman god Mercury; symbol from Latin: hydrargyrus (liquid silver).	5	11	1	1	200.59	-38.87C	356.58C	2.00	13.546	4	17	(2),1	2,8,18,32,18,2	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2	10.4375	18.759	34.202	1.76	1.49	1.02 (+2)	14.82	0.139	59.229	2.295	0.0104	0.0834	0,0,9989.16,11823,2195.36,2282.58	83097,14838,14208,12283,2562,3279,2847,2385,2295	.966,0,.366,0,0,0	49	22	1,2	3.005		a=70 32'				13.546 (20C)
81	Thallium	Tl	1861	Sir William Crookes	England	THAL-i-em	Soft gray metal that looks like lead.	Found in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of lead and zinc refining.	Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation.	Greek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum.	5	12	1	1	204.3833	303.5C	1457C 10C	2.04	11.85	7	0	3,(1)	2,8,18,32,18,3	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1	6.1083	20.428	29.829	2.08	1.48	1.59 (+1)	17.2	0.13	164.10	4.142	0.0617	0.461	0,0,10268.9,12213.7,2270.79,2362.08	85525,15346,14697,12657,3704,3416,2957,2485,2390	.967,0,.376,0,0,0	29.9	12	1,3	3.4567		5.5250				11.85 (20C)
82	Lead	Pb	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	LED	Very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal.	Found most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.	Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.	Anglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum.	5	13	1	1	207.2	327.502C	1740C	2.33	11.34	1	2	4,(2)	2,8,18,32,18,4	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2	7.4167	15.028	31.943	1.81	1.47	1.19 (+2)	18.17	0.13	177.70	4.799	0.0481	0.353	0,0,10551.9,12614.1,2345.54,2442.58	87999,15860,15119,13034,3851,3554,3067,2586,2484	.968,0,.386,0,0,0	28.8	20	2,4	4.9504						11.35 (20C)
83	Bismuth	Bi	Unknown	Known to the ancients.	Unknown	BIZ-meth	Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal with a pink tint.	It can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2O3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3)	Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses.	German: bisemutum, (white mass), Now spelled wismut.	5	14	1	1	208.98037	271.3C	1560C 5C	2.02	9.8	4	4	(3),5	2,8,18,32,18,5	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3	7.289	16.687	25.559	1.63	1.46	1.03 (+3)	21.3	0.12	104.80	11.30	0.00867	0.0787	0,0,10839.2,13024,2422.54,2525.68	90521,16387,15710,13418,3999,3697,3177,2688,2580	.969,0,.396,0,0,0	13.4	34	3,5	4.736		a=57 14'				9.8 (25C)
84	Polonium	Po	1898	Pierre and Marie Curie	France	peh-LOW-ni-em	Silvery-gray, extremely rare, radioactive metal.	Occurs in pitchblende from decay of bismuth.	Used in industrial equipment that eliminates static electricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire, and sheet metal.	Named for Poland, native country of Marie Curie.	5	15	1	15	(208.9824)	254C	962C	2.0	9.4	5	0	(4),2	2,8,18,32,18,6	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4	8.4167	--	--	1.53	1.46	--	22.23	0.12	--	--	0.0219	0.20	0,0,11131.1,13447.4,0,0	93100,16938,16243,13813,4150,3854,3302,2798,2683	.97,0,.406,0,0,0	23	26	-2,0,2,4,6	3.345						9.32 (20C)
85	Astatine	At	1940	D.R.Corson, K.R.MacKenzie, E.Segr	United States	AS-teh-teen	Unstable, radioactive member of the halogen group.	Does not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.	Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of astatine.	Greek: astatos (unstable).	5	16	4	15	(209.9871)	302C	337C	2.2	--	8	11	(1),3,5,7	2,8,18,32,18,7	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5	9.5	--	--	1.43	1.45	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.017	0,0,11427.2,13876.5,0,0	95724,17492,16784,14213,4317,4008,3426,2909,2787	.971,0,.415,0,0,0	--	--	1,3,5,7	--						?
86	Radon	Rn	1898	Fredrich Ernst Dorn	Germany	RAY-don	Colorless, odorless, tasteless, radioactive, heavy, noble gas.	Formed from the decay of radium in the earths crust.	Used to treat some forms of cancer.	Variation of the name of another element, radium.	5	17	0	6	(222.0176)	-71C	-61.8C	0	0.00973	1	20	0	2,8,18,32,18,8	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6	10.7485	--	--	1.34	--	--	50.5	0.09	16.40	2.890	--	0.0000364	0,0,11727.4,14316.2,0,0	97398,18048,17336,14619,4482,4159,3538,3022,2893	.972,0,.425,0,0,0	--	--	0	--						--
87	Francium	Fr	1939	Marguerite Derey	France	FRAN-si-em	Highly rare and unstable, radioactive metal.	Formed by decay of actinium. Chemical properties similar to cesium. Decays to radium or astatine.	Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of francium.	Named for France, the nation of its discovery.	6	0	3	1	(223.0197)	27C	677C	0.7	--	2	0	1	2,8,18,32,18,8,1	[Rn] 7s1	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.03	0.15	0,0,12031.7,14770.7,0,0	101130,18638,17905,15030,4652,4327,3663,3136,3000	.972,0,.434,0,0,0	--	2	1	--						?
88	Radium	Ra	1898	Pierre and Marie Curie	France	RAY-di-em	Silvery-white metal. Intensely radioactive.	Found in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium.	Used in treating cancer because of the gamma rays it gives off.	Latin: radius (ray).	6	1	7	1	(226.0254)	700C	1140C	0.9	5	2	0	2	2,8,18,32,18,8,2	[Rn] 7s2	5.2789	10.148	--	--	--	1.62 (+2)	45.20	0.12	--	--	--	0.186	0,0,12340.2,15236.3,0,0	103920,19236,18483,15443,4822,4490,3792,3249,3105	.973,0,.443,0,0,0	8	16	2	--						~5 (20C)
89	Actinium	Ac	1899	Andr Debierne	France	ak-TIN-i-em	Heavy, silvery-white, very radioactive metal	Extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Greek: akis, aktinos (ray).	6	2	2	1	(227.0278)	1050C	3200C (300C)	1.1	10.07	1	0	3	2,8,18,32,18,9,2	[Rn] 6d1 7s2	5.17	12.126	--	--	--	--	22.54	--	--	--	--	0.12	0,0,12652.5,15713.6,0,0	106750,19839,19082,15870,5002,4656,3909,3370,3219	.974,0,.452,0,0,0	--	34	--	5.311						10.07 (20C)
90	Thorium	Th	1828	Jns Berzelius	Sweden	THOR-i-em	Heavy, gray, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal.	Found in various minerals like monazite and thorite.	Used in making strong alloys. Also in ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses. Bombarded with neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel.	Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.	9	2	16	1	232.0381	1750C	4000C	1.3	11.7	1	0	4	2,8,18,32,18,10,2	[Rn] 6d2 7s2	6.08	11.504	20.003	--	1.65	1.05 (+4)	19.9	0.12	514.40	16.10	0.0653	0.540	0,0,12969.2,16202.8,2996.19,3146.04	109640,20471,19692,16299,5182,4832,4046,3491,3332	.975,0,.461,0,0,0	11.0	73	4	5.0847						11.66 (17C)
91	Protactinium	Pa	1917	Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner	England/France	PRO-tak-tin-eh-em	Very rare, silvery-white, extremely radioactive metal.	Does not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Greek: proto and actinium (parent of actinium); it forms actinium when it radioactively decays.	9	3	16	1	231.03588	1600C	--	1.5	15.4	3	0	(5),4	2,8,18,32,20,9,2	[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2	5.89	--	--	--	--	--	15.0	0.12	--	12.30	0.0529	0.47	0,0,13291.2,16702.4,3082.68,3239.75	112590,21103,20313,16732,5367,5001,4174,3611,3442	.975,0,.469,0,0,0	9.7	100	4,5	3.925		3.238				?
92	Uranium	U	1789	Martin Klaproth	Germany	yoo-RAY-ni-em	Silvery-white, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive metal.	Occurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals as pitchblende and carnotite.	For many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in bombs.	Named for the planet Uranus.	9	4	16	1	238.0289	1132C	3818C	1.38	18.9	3	0	(6),5,4,3	2,8,18,32,21,9,2	[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2	6.1941	--	--	--	1.42	.81 (+6)	12.59	0.12	477.0	8.520	0.0380	0.276	0,0,13615.2,17220.7,3170.98,3336.53	115600,21756,20946,17165,5548,5182,4304,3728,3552	.976,0,.478,0,0,0	13.9	186	2,3,4,5,6	2.8538	5.8697	4.9550				19.05 (20C)
93	Neptunium	Np	1940	E.M. McMillan, P.H. Abelson	United States	nep-TOO-ni-em	Rare, silvery radioactive metal.	Produced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named for the planet Neptune.	9	5	16	1	(237.0482)	640C	3902C	1.36	20.45	3	0	6,(5),4,3	2,8,18,32,22,9,2	[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2	6.2657	--	--	--	--	--	11.62	0.12	--	5.190	0.00822	0.063	0,0,13944.6,17750.7,0,0	118670,22425,21599,17609,5723,5366,4435,3851,3666	.977,0,.486,0,0,0	28	900	3,4,5,6	6.663	4.723	4.887				20.25 (20C)
94	Plutonium	Pu	1940	G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.Wohl	United States	ploo-TOE-ni-em	Silvery-white, extremely radioactive artificially produced metal.	Found rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.	Used in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.	Named for the planet Pluto.	9	6	16	1	(244.0642)	641C	3232C	1.28	19.8	5	0	6,5,(4),3	2,8,18,32,24,8,2	[Rn] 5f6 7s2	6.06	--	--	--	--	--	12.32	0.13	344.0	2.840	0.00666	0.0674	0,0,14279.1,18294.5,0,0	121810,23096,22265,18056,5933,5541,4557,3973,3708	.977,0,.494,0,0,0	46.7	97	3,4,5,6	6.183	4.822	10.963				19.84 (25C)
95	Americium	Am	1945	G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, L.O.Morgan, A.Ghiorso	United States	am-er-ISH-i-em	Silvery-white, artificially produced radioactive metal.	Produced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons.	Americium-241 is currently used in smoke detectors.	Named for the American continent, by analogy with europium.	9	7	16	1	(243.0614)	994C	2607C	1.3	13.6	7	0	6,5,4,(3)	2,8,18,32,25,8,2	[Rn] 5f7 7s2	5.993	--	--	--	--	--	17.86	0.11	--	14.40	0.022	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	7.1	--	2,3,4,5,6	3.4681		11.240				16.67 (20C)
96	Curium	Cm	1944	G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.Ghiorso	United States	KYOOR-i-em	Silvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding plutonium with helium ions. So radioactive it glows in the dark.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie.	9	8	16	1	(247.0703)	1340C	--	1.3	13.5	7	0	(3),4	2,8,18,32,25,9,2	[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2	6.02	--	--	--	--	--	18.28	--	--	15.0	--	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	3,4	--						13.51 (20C)
97	Berkelium	Bk	1949	G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso	United States	BURK-li-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Some compounds have been made and studied. Made by bombarding americium with alpha particles.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named after Berkeley, California the city of its discovery.	9	9	16	1	(247.0703)	--	--	1.3	--	8	0	4,(3)	2,8,18,32,26,9,2	[Rn] 5f9 7s2	6.23	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	3,4	--						~14 (20C)
98	Californium	Cf	1950	G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.	United States	kal-eh-FOR-ni-em	Synthetic radioactive metal. Powerful neutron emitter.	Made by bombarding curium with helium ions.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named after the state and University of California.	9	10	16	1	(251.0796)	--	--	1.3	--	8	0	4,(3)	2,8,18,32,28,8,2	[Rn] 5f10 7s2	6.30	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
99	Einsteinium	Es	1952	Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif	United States	ine-STINE-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of the scientist Albert Einstein.	9	11	16	1	(252.0830)	--	--	1.3	--	8	0	(2),3	2,8,18,32,29,8,2	[Rn] 5f11 7s2	6.42	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
100	Fermium	Fm	1953	Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif	United States	FER-mi-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Produced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by neutron capture.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi.	9	12	16	1	(257.0951)	--	--	1.3	--	8	0	3	2,8,18,32,30,8,2	[Rn] 5f12 7s2	6.50	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
101	Mendelevium	Md	1955	G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.	United States	men-deh-LEE-vi-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of the scientist Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev, who devised the periodic table.	9	13	16	1	(258.0984)	--	--	1.3	--	8	0	2,3	2,8,18,32,31,8,2	[Rn] 5f13 7s2	6.58	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	2,3	--						?
102	Nobelium	No	1957	Nobel Institute for Physics	Sweden	no-BELL-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding curium with carbon-13	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and founded Nobel prize.	9	14	16	1	(259.1011)	--	--	1.3	--	8	0	2,3	2,8,18,32,32,8,2	[Rn] 5f14 7s2	6.65	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
103	Lawrencium	Lr	1961	A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E.Larsh, R.M.Latimer	United States	lor-ENS-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Produced by bombarding californium with boron ions.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron.	9	15	16	1	(262.1098)	--	--	--	--	8	0	3	2,8,18,32,32,9,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.1	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	3	--						?
104	Rutherfordium	Rf	1969	A. Ghiorso, et al	United States	ruth-er-FORD-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13, which produced an isotope with half lives of 4+ and 3 sec.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of Ernest Rutherford	6	3	2	1	(261.1089)	--	--	--	--	8	0	4	2,8,18,32,32,10,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.23	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
105	Dubnium	Db	1970	A. Ghiorso, et al	United States?	DOOB-ni-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of the Dubna Laboratory	6	4	2	1	(262.1144)	--	--	--	--	8	0	--	2,8,18,32,32,11,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0.58	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
106	Seaborgium	Sg	1974	Soviet Nuclear Research/ U. of Cal at Berkeley	USSR/United States	see-BORG-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of Glenn Seaborg, American physical chemist known for research on transuranium elements.	6	5	2	1	(263.1186)	--	--	--	--	8	0	--	2,8,18,32,32,12,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
107	Bohrium	Bh	1976	Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)	Germany	BOR-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Obtained by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of Niels Bohr	6	6	2	1	(262.1231)	--	--	--	--	8	0	--	2,8,18,32,32,13,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
108	Hassium	Hs	1984	Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)	Germany	HAS-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Formed by the bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of Henri Hass, Swiss born Russian chemist known for work in thermodydamics.	6	7	2	1	(265.1306)	--	--	--	--	8	0	--	2,8,18,32,32,14,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
109	Mietnerium	Mt	1982	Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)	Germany	MITE-ner-i-um	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Obtained by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Named in honor of Lise Mietner	6	8	2	1	(266.1378)	--	--	--	--	8	0	--	2,8,18,32,32,15,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
110	Ununnilium	Uun	1994	Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)	Germany	oon-oon-NIL-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding lead-208 with nickel-62.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Un (one) un (one) nilium (zero)	6	9	2	1	(269)	--	--	--	--	8	0	--	2,8,18,32,32,16,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
111	Unununium	Uuu	1994	Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)	Germany	oon-oon-OON-i-em	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-64.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Un (one) un (one) unium (one)	6	10	2	1	(272)	--	--	--	--	8	0	--	2,8,18,32,32,17,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
112	Ununbium	Uub	1996	Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)	Germany	oon-oon-BE-um	Synthetic radioactive metal.	Made by bombarding lead-208 with zinc-70.	It has no significant commercial applications.	Un (one) un (one) bium (two)	6	11	1	1	(277)	--	--	--	--	8	0	--	2,8,18,32,32,18,2	[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0	0,0,0,0,0,0	--	--	--	--						?
